Drinking Water: One of the most common routes of PFAS exposure is through contaminated drinking water. PFAS compounds can infiltrate water sources from industrial discharges, firefighting foam, landfills, and wastewater treatment plants. Once in water supplies, PFAS can accumulate in drinking water systems, exposing individuals to potential health risks upon consumption.

Food Contamination: PFAS can also enter the body through the consumption of contaminated food. These substances have been found in various food items, including seafood, dairy products, and crops irrigated with contaminated water. PFAS can bioaccumulate in animals and plants, leading to higher concentrations in the food chain and posing a risk to human health when consumed.

Airborne Exposure: Inhalation of airborne particles containing PFAS is another pathway of exposure. Industrial processes, such as manufacturing and incineration, can release PFAS into the air, where they can be inhaled or settle onto soil and water bodies. Individuals living near contaminated sites or industrial facilities may be at higher risk of airborne exposure to PFAS.

Consumer Products: PFAS are commonly used in consumer products for their water and oil-resistant properties. Items such as non-stick cookware, stain-resistant fabrics, and food packaging can leach PFAS into the environment, leading to potential exposure through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation of fumes.

Occupational Exposure: Workers in industries involved in the production or use of PFAS-containing products may face occupational exposure. This includes firefighters, manufacturers, and workers in industries using PFAS-based chemicals in manufacturing processes. Direct contact with PFAS or inhalation of contaminated air in workplace environments can pose significant health risks.